Print

The PASS program provided post-employment services and payment for supportive services to improve employment retention and career advancement among employed individuals who were recently Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants.

Skip to:  Effectiveness Ratings   |  Studies of this Intervention

The PASS program provided post-employment services and payment for supportive services to improve employment retention and career advancement among employed individuals who were recently Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants.

Former TANF participants were contacted by PASS service providers, who provided customized post-employment services and supportive services payments based on clients’ needs to help participants keep their jobs and obtain better jobs. PASS service providers included staff at three community-based organizations, a community college, and a Department of Public Social Services office. PASS services included case management, counseling and mentoring, reemployment activities (such as assistance with job search and resume preparation), workshops on credit and money management, referrals to training and education opportunities, and referrals to social services programs. The program also included payments for supportive services such as child care, transportation, books, tools, and uniforms. PASS provided services for up to 12 months. In order to be eligible for PASS, former TANF participants had to be employed and ineligible for TANF in the current month but eligible in the previous month. PASS was implemented in Riverside, CA.

Year evaluation began: 2002
Implementing organization(s): Riverside PASS services were delivered by four community-based organizations, one community college, and the county TANF agency.
Populations and employment barriers: Employed, Parents
Intervention services: Case management, Employment retention services, Supportive services, Financial education, Work readiness activities, Job search assistance
Setting(s): Urban only

Effectiveness Rating and Effect By Outcome Domain

Back to top
View Table Help Need more context or definitions for the Outcome Domain table below? View the "Table Help" to get more insight into terms, measures, and definitions.

Scroll to the right to view the rest of the table columns

Outcome domain Term Effectiveness rating Effect in 2018 dollars and percentages Effect in standard deviations Sample size
Increase earnings Short-term Supported favorable $2,029 per year 0.10 2770
Long-term Supported favorable $1,799 per year 0.09 3225
Very long-term No evidence to assess support
Increase employment Short-term Little evidence to assess support favorable 5% (in percentage points) 0.12 2770
Long-term Supported favorable 2% (in percentage points) 0.04 3225
Very long-term No evidence to assess support
Decrease benefit receipt Short-term Little evidence to assess support favorable $-50 per year -0.02 2770
Long-term Little evidence to assess support favorable $-72 per year -0.03 2770
Very long-term No evidence to assess support
Increase education and training All measurement periods No evidence to assess support
* This intervention was assessed as supported for this domain, meaning it achieved one or more statistically significant, favorable effects. However, the intervention has an average effect size that is unfavorable because the average includes all effects in this domain - both statistically significant and favorable effects and statistically insignificant but unfavorable effects.

Effectiveness rating key:

  • Well-supported Well-supported   
  • Supported  Supported   
  • Not supported  Not supported   
  • Mixed support  Mixed support   
  • Insufficient evidence  Insufficient evidence   
  • No evidence  No evidence
Effectiveness rating terms?

Studies of this Intervention

Back to top
Study Quality Rating Study Counts per Rating
High High 2