EMPOWER—Navajo Reservation made several welfare reforms, including time-limit exemptions to participants’ cash assistance, extensions to child care and medical assistance, and mandatory job-training participation for teen parents, to encourage Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) recipients to find work and become self-sufficient.

Moving Up provided case management and tailored employment services to help former Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants find and maintain employment and advance into better jobs.

Future Steps provided employment-focused case management to people who received Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits and other individuals with low incomes to help them move rapidly into full-time employment.

The BNF program provided customized support through home visitation to rural Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients to improve job readiness, life skills, and family management practices, and to assist in the transition to economic independence.

The ACT—RER No Choices pilot consisted of three features designed to emphasize the temporary nature of cash assistance and the need for participants to obtain work to gain independence: (1) changes to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) eligibility rules, (2) a Personal Responsibility Agreement (PRA), and (3) transitional benefits; only the first two of these were tested to determine their effectiveness.